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What do you already know?

List at least three examples of ways in which animals of the same species communicate with one another.

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What do you think?

In a few sentences, describe how you would design an experiment to determine whether elephants can detect and interpret the calls of other elephants through the ground.

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What do you think?

What do you conclude from these results?

So far, O’Connell tested the elephants’ response to a sound traveling above the ground. Which other condition is she likely to test next as part of her experiment?

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What do you think?

Predict what will happen when the shaker is turned on if elephants communicate using only sound traveling through the air and not the ground.

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What do you think?

Which of the following graphs best describes the results of the experiment? The images show four bar graphs labeled A to D. Each bar graph has three conditions listed on the y axis and mean time at waterhole (in minutes) on the x axis. The three conditions are speaker (above ground), shaker (below ground), and no signal.

Justify your answer in two or three sentences.

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What do you conclude from the results of this experiment?

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What do you think?

What is a plausible explanation for why elephants responded differently to ground and air signals?

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How could you test the hypothesis that elephants interpreted the ground signal as being farther away than the air signal?

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What do you think?

Communication requires several components:

a signal with information
transmission of the signal
receipt of the signal
interpretation of the information within the signal

Provide an example of each of these components from the study.

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